feat(pdfengines): optimize PDF images to reduce file size (#359)

.bruno/Chromium/Convert/HTML to PDF.bru

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ body:multipart-form {
   ~splitUnify: false
   ~pdfa: PDF/A-1b
   ~pdfua: true
+  ~optimizeImages: false
+  ~imageQuality: 80
   ~metadata: {"Author":"Bruno","Title":"Test"}
   ~userPassword:
   ~ownerPassword:

.bruno/Chromium/Convert/Markdown to PDF.bru

@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ body:multipart-form {
   ~splitUnify: false
   ~pdfa: PDF/A-1b
   ~pdfua: true
+  ~optimizeImages: false
+  ~imageQuality: 80
   ~metadata: {"Author":"Bruno","Title":"Test"}
   ~userPassword:
   ~ownerPassword:

.bruno/Chromium/Convert/URL to PDF.bru

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ body:multipart-form {
   ~splitUnify: false
   ~pdfa: PDF/A-1b
   ~pdfua: true
+  ~optimizeImages: false
+  ~imageQuality: 80
   ~metadata: {"Author":"Bruno","Title":"Test"}
   ~userPassword:
   ~ownerPassword:

.bruno/LibreOffice/Convert to PDF.bru

@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ body:multipart-form {
   ~splitUnify: false
   ~pdfa: PDF/A-1b
   ~pdfua: true
+  ~optimizeImages: false
+  ~imageQuality: 80
   ~metadata: {"Author":"Bruno","Title":"Test"}
   ~userPassword:
   ~ownerPassword:

.bruno/PDF Engines/Merge/Merge PDFs.bru

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ body:multipart-form {
   ~autoIndexBookmarks: false
   ~pdfa: PDF/A-1b
   ~pdfua: true
+  ~optimizeImages: false
+  ~imageQuality: 80
   ~metadata: {"Author":"Bruno","Title":"Test"}
   ~bookmarks: [{"title":"Page 1","page":1},{"title":"Page 2","page":2}]
   ~userPassword:

.bruno/PDF Engines/Optimize/Optimize PDF.bru

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+meta {
+  name: Optimize PDF
+  type: http
+  seq: 1
+}
+
+post {
+  url: {{baseUrl}}/forms/pdfengines/optimize
+  body: multipartForm
+  auth: none
+}
+
+body:multipart-form {
+  files: @file(../../test/integration/testdata/page_1.pdf)
+  ~imageQuality: 80
+}
+
+headers {
+  ~Gotenberg-Output-Filename: optimized
+  ~Gotenberg-Webhook-Url: http://localhost:8080/webhook
+  ~Gotenberg-Webhook-Error-Url: http://localhost:8080/webhook/error
+  ~Gotenberg-Webhook-Events-Url: http://localhost:8080/webhook/events
+  ~Gotenberg-Webhook-Method: POST
+  ~Gotenberg-Webhook-Error-Method: POST
+  ~Gotenberg-Webhook-Extra-Http-Headers: {"X-Custom":"value"}
+}

.bruno/PDF Engines/Split/Split PDF.bru

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ body:multipart-form {
   ~flatten: false
   ~pdfa: PDF/A-1b
   ~pdfua: true
+  ~optimizeImages: false
+  ~imageQuality: 80
   ~metadata: {"Author":"Bruno","Title":"Test"}
   ~userPassword:
   ~ownerPassword:

Makefile

@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ PDFENGINES_MERGE_ENGINES=qpdf,pdfcpu,pdftk
 PDFENGINES_SPLIT_ENGINES=pdfcpu,qpdf,pdftk
 PDFENGINES_FLATTEN_ENGINES=qpdf
 PDFENGINES_CONVERT_ENGINES=libreoffice-pdfengine
+PDFENGINES_OPTIMIZE_IMAGES_ENGINES=pdfcpu
 PDFENGINES_READ_METADATA_ENGINES=exiftool
 PDFENGINES_WRITE_METADATA_ENGINES=exiftool
 PDFENGINES_READ_BOOKMARKS_ENGINES=pdfcpu
@@ -162,6 +163,8 @@ NO_CONCURRENCY=false
 # encrypt
 # pdfengines-flatten
 # flatten
+# pdfengines-optimize
+# optimize
 # pdfengines-merge
 # merge
 # pdfengines-metadata

compose.yaml

@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ services:
       - "--pdfengines-split-engines=${PDFENGINES_SPLIT_ENGINES}"
       - "--pdfengines-flatten-engines=${PDFENGINES_FLATTEN_ENGINES}"
       - "--pdfengines-convert-engines=${PDFENGINES_CONVERT_ENGINES}"
+      - "--pdfengines-optimize-images-engines=${PDFENGINES_OPTIMIZE_IMAGES_ENGINES}"
       - "--pdfengines-read-metadata-engines=${PDFENGINES_READ_METADATA_ENGINES}"
       - "--pdfengines-write-metadata-engines=${PDFENGINES_WRITE_METADATA_ENGINES}"
       - "--pdfengines-read-bookmarks-engines=${PDFENGINES_READ_BOOKMARKS_ENGINES}"

pkg/gotenberg/mocks.go

@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ type PdfEngineMock struct {
 	SplitMock               func(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, mode SplitMode, inputPath, outputDirPath string) ([]string, error)
 	FlattenMock             func(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string) error
 	ConvertMock             func(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, formats PdfFormats, inputPath, outputPath string) error
+	OptimizeImagesMock      func(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, imageQuality int, inputPath string) error
 	ReadMetadataMock        func(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string) (map[string]any, error)
 	PageCountMock           func(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string) (int, error)
 	WriteMetadataMock       func(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, metadata map[string]any, inputPath string) error
@@ -80,6 +81,10 @@ func (engine *PdfEngineMock) Convert(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, f
 	return engine.ConvertMock(ctx, logger, formats, inputPath, outputPath)
 }
 
+func (engine *PdfEngineMock) OptimizeImages(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, imageQuality int, inputPath string) error {
+	return engine.OptimizeImagesMock(ctx, logger, imageQuality, inputPath)
+}
+
 func (engine *PdfEngineMock) ReadMetadata(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string) (map[string]any, error) {
 	return engine.ReadMetadataMock(ctx, logger, inputPath)
 }

pkg/gotenberg/pdfengine.go

@@ -281,6 +281,12 @@ type PdfEngine interface {
 	// PdfFormats. If no format, it does nothing.
 	Convert(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, formats PdfFormats, inputPath, outputPath string) error
 
+	// OptimizeImages re-encodes the raster images of a PDF in place to shrink
+	// the file, leaving text, vectors, fonts and structure untouched.
+	// imageQuality is the JPEG quality (1 to 100) applied to each re-encoded
+	// image.
+	OptimizeImages(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, imageQuality int, inputPath string) error
+
 	// ReadMetadata extracts the metadata of a given PDF file.
 	ReadMetadata(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string) (map[string]any, error)
 

pkg/modules/chromium/routes.go

@@ -479,6 +479,7 @@ func convertUrlRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			stamp := pdfengines.FormDataPdfStamp(form, false)
 			stampFile := pdfengines.FormDataPdfStampFile(form)
 			rotateAngle, rotatePages := pdfengines.FormDataPdfRotate(form, false)
+			optimizeImages, imageQuality := pdfengines.FormDataPdfOptimize(form)
 			embedsMetadata := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEmbedsMetadata(form)
 			facturX, facturxXmlPath := pdfengines.FormDataPdfFacturX(form)
 
@@ -504,7 +505,7 @@ func convertUrlRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 				return fmt.Errorf("validate stamp: %w", err)
 			}
 
-			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, encrypt, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages)
+			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, encrypt, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages, optimizeImages, imageQuality)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("convert URL to PDF: %w", err)
 			}
@@ -568,6 +569,7 @@ func convertHtmlRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			stamp := pdfengines.FormDataPdfStamp(form, false)
 			stampFile := pdfengines.FormDataPdfStampFile(form)
 			rotateAngle, rotatePages := pdfengines.FormDataPdfRotate(form, false)
+			optimizeImages, imageQuality := pdfengines.FormDataPdfOptimize(form)
 			embedsMetadata := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEmbedsMetadata(form)
 			facturX, facturxXmlPath := pdfengines.FormDataPdfFacturX(form)
 
@@ -590,7 +592,7 @@ func convertHtmlRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 
 			url := fmt.Sprintf("file://%s", inputPath)
 			options.AllowedFilePrefixes = []string{ctx.DirPath()}
-			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, encrypt, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages)
+			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, encrypt, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages, optimizeImages, imageQuality)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("convert HTML to PDF: %w", err)
 			}
@@ -651,6 +653,7 @@ func convertMarkdownRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			stamp := pdfengines.FormDataPdfStamp(form, false)
 			stampFile := pdfengines.FormDataPdfStampFile(form)
 			rotateAngle, rotatePages := pdfengines.FormDataPdfRotate(form, false)
+			optimizeImages, imageQuality := pdfengines.FormDataPdfOptimize(form)
 			embedsMetadata := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEmbedsMetadata(form)
 			facturX, facturxXmlPath := pdfengines.FormDataPdfFacturX(form)
 
@@ -682,7 +685,7 @@ func convertMarkdownRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			}
 
 			options.AllowedFilePrefixes = []string{ctx.DirPath()}
-			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, encrypt, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages)
+			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, encrypt, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages, optimizeImages, imageQuality)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("convert markdown to PDF: %w", err)
 			}
@@ -807,7 +810,7 @@ func markdownToHtml(ctx *api.Context, inputPath string, markdownPaths []string)
 	return fmt.Sprintf("file://%s", inputPath), nil
 }
 
-func convertUrl(ctx *api.Context, chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, url string, options PdfOptions, mode gotenberg.SplitMode, pdfFormats gotenberg.PdfFormats, metadata map[string]any, encrypt gotenberg.EncryptOptions, embedPaths []string, embedsMetadata map[string]map[string]string, facturX gotenberg.FacturX, facturxXmlPath string, watermark, stamp gotenberg.Stamp, rotateAngle int, rotatePages string) error {
+func convertUrl(ctx *api.Context, chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, url string, options PdfOptions, mode gotenberg.SplitMode, pdfFormats gotenberg.PdfFormats, metadata map[string]any, encrypt gotenberg.EncryptOptions, embedPaths []string, embedsMetadata map[string]map[string]string, facturX gotenberg.FacturX, facturxXmlPath string, watermark, stamp gotenberg.Stamp, rotateAngle int, rotatePages string, optimizeImages bool, imageQuality int) error {
 	outputPath := ctx.GeneratePath(".pdf")
 	// See https://github.com/gotenberg/gotenberg/issues/1130.
 	filename := ctx.OutputFilename(outputPath)
@@ -904,6 +907,11 @@ func convertUrl(ctx *api.Context, chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, url
 		return fmt.Errorf("rotate PDFs: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	err = pdfengines.OptimizeStub(ctx, engine, optimizeImages, imageQuality, outputPaths)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	pdfFormats = pdfengines.FacturXPdfFormats(ctx, engine, facturX, pdfFormats, true, nil)
 
 	convertOutputPaths, err := pdfengines.ConvertStub(ctx, engine, pdfFormats, outputPaths)

pkg/modules/exiftool/exiftool.go

@@ -296,6 +296,20 @@ func (engine *ExifTool) Convert(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, format
 	return err
 }
 
+// OptimizeImages is not available in this implementation.
+func (engine *ExifTool) OptimizeImages(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, imageQuality int, inputPath string) error {
+	_, span := gotenberg.Tracer().Start(ctx, "exiftool.OptimizeImages",
+		trace.WithSpanKind(trace.SpanKindClient),
+		trace.WithAttributes(engine.spanAttrs()...),
+	)
+	defer span.End()
+
+	err := fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images with ExifTool: %w", gotenberg.ErrPdfEngineMethodNotSupported)
+	span.RecordError(err)
+	span.SetStatus(codes.Error, err.Error())
+	return err
+}
+
 // ReadMetadata extracts the metadata of a given PDF file by invoking
 // the exiftool binary with "-j" (JSON output) and parsing the result.
 func (engine *ExifTool) ReadMetadata(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string) (map[string]any, error) {

pkg/modules/libreoffice/pdfengine/pdfengine.go

@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@ func (engine *LibreOfficePdfEngine) Flatten(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Lo
 	return fmt.Errorf("flatten PDF with LibreOffice: %w", gotenberg.ErrPdfEngineMethodNotSupported)
 }
 
+// OptimizeImages is not available in this implementation.
+func (engine *LibreOfficePdfEngine) OptimizeImages(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, imageQuality int, inputPath string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images with LibreOffice: %w", gotenberg.ErrPdfEngineMethodNotSupported)
+}
+
 // Convert converts the given PDF to a specific PDF format. Currently, only the
 // PDF/A-1b, PDF/A-2b, PDF/A-3b and PDF/UA formats are available. If another
 // PDF format is requested, it returns a [gotenberg.ErrPdfFormatNotSupported]

pkg/modules/libreoffice/routes.go

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ func convertRoute(libreOffice libreofficeapi.Uno, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) ap
 			angle, rotatePages := pdfengines.FormDataPdfRotate(form, false)
 			embedsMetadata := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEmbedsMetadata(form)
 			facturX, facturxXmlPath := pdfengines.FormDataPdfFacturX(form)
+			optimizeImages, imageQuality := pdfengines.FormDataPdfOptimize(form)
 
 			zeroValuedSplitMode := gotenberg.SplitMode{}
 
@@ -515,6 +516,11 @@ func convertRoute(libreOffice libreofficeapi.Uno, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) ap
 				}
 			}
 
+			err = pdfengines.OptimizeStub(ctx, engine, optimizeImages, imageQuality, outputPaths)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images: %w", err)
+			}
+
 			needsConvertStub := !nativePdfFormats ||
 				(nativePdfFormats && splitMode != zeroValuedSplitMode) ||
 				(nativePdfFormats && hasPostProcessing)

pkg/modules/pdfcpu/optimize.go

@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+package pdfcpu
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"image"
+	"image/jpeg"
+	_ "image/png" // Register the PNG decoder: pdfcpu extracts FlateDecode images as PNG.
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/codes"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
+
+	"github.com/gotenberg/gotenberg/v8/pkg/gotenberg"
+)
+
+// minOptimizeImageSize is the smallest encoded image worth re-encoding. Smaller
+// images (thumbnails, icons, and line art that FlateDecode already keeps tiny)
+// are left untouched: a JPEG pass would add artifacts for little or no gain.
+const minOptimizeImageSize = 30 << 10 // 30 KiB
+
+// pdfcpuListRowID matches the image Id (e.g. "X6") in a `pdfcpu images extract`
+// filename such as "input_1_X6.png".
+var pdfcpuListRowID = regexp.MustCompile(`_(X\d+)\.`)
+
+// pdfcpuImage is one raster image XObject as reported by `pdfcpu images list`.
+type pdfcpuImage struct {
+	obj    int
+	id     string
+	masked bool
+	comp   int
+	bytes  int64
+	filter string
+}
+
+// OptimizeImages re-encodes the raster images of inputPath to JPEG in place,
+// shrinking image-heavy PDFs (a common case for Chromium output, which embeds
+// non-JPEG images losslessly) while leaving text, vectors, fonts and structure
+// untouched. See https://github.com/gotenberg/gotenberg/issues/359.
+//
+// Only lossless (FlateDecode), non-CMYK, non-masked images at or above
+// [minOptimizeImageSize] are touched. Already-compressed, transparent, CMYK and
+// small images are skipped so the pass never enlarges a file or corrupts
+// transparency. It never fails the conversion for a single unreadable image; it
+// logs and moves on, and returns the input unchanged when nothing qualifies.
+func (engine *PdfCpu) OptimizeImages(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, imageQuality int, inputPath string) error {
+	ctx, span := gotenberg.Tracer().Start(ctx, "pdfcpu.OptimizeImages",
+		trace.WithSpanKind(trace.SpanKindClient),
+		trace.WithAttributes(engine.spanAttrs()...),
+	)
+	defer span.End()
+
+	fail := func(err error) error {
+		span.RecordError(err)
+		span.SetStatus(codes.Error, err.Error())
+		return err
+	}
+
+	images, err := engine.listImages(ctx, inputPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fail(fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images with pdfcpu: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	var targets []pdfcpuImage
+	for _, img := range images {
+		if optimizableImage(img) {
+			targets = append(targets, img)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(targets) == 0 {
+		logger.DebugContext(ctx, "no images to optimize")
+		span.SetStatus(codes.Ok, "")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	workDir, err := os.MkdirTemp(filepath.Dir(inputPath), "optimize-images-*")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fail(fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images with pdfcpu: create work directory: %w", err))
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := os.RemoveAll(workDir); err != nil {
+			logger.ErrorContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("remove image optimization work directory: %v", err))
+		}
+	}()
+
+	extracted, err := engine.extractImages(ctx, logger, inputPath, workDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fail(fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images with pdfcpu: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	// Chain one update per image. Each update writes a fresh file; current holds
+	// the latest successful output, so a single failed image is skipped without
+	// discarding the ones already done. The input is only replaced on success.
+	current := inputPath
+	optimized := 0
+	for _, img := range targets {
+		src, ok := extracted[img.id]
+		if !ok {
+			logger.WarnContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("optimize images: image %s was not extracted, leaving it as is", img.id))
+			continue
+		}
+
+		reencoded := filepath.Join(workDir, img.id+".jpg")
+		err = reencodeToJpeg(src, reencoded, imageQuality)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.WarnContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("optimize images: re-encode %s: %v; leaving it as is", img.id, err))
+			continue
+		}
+
+		next := filepath.Join(workDir, fmt.Sprintf("optimized-%d.pdf", optimized))
+		err = engine.updateImage(ctx, logger, current, reencoded, next, img.obj)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.WarnContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("optimize images: update %s: %v; leaving it as is", img.id, err))
+			continue
+		}
+
+		current = next
+		optimized++
+	}
+
+	if optimized == 0 {
+		span.SetStatus(codes.Ok, "")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	err = os.Rename(current, inputPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fail(fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images with pdfcpu: replace input: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	logger.DebugContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("optimized %d image(s) at quality %d", optimized, imageQuality))
+	span.SetStatus(codes.Ok, "")
+	return nil
+}
+
+// optimizableImage reports whether an image is a safe, worthwhile target: a
+// lossless (FlateDecode), non-CMYK, non-masked image at or above the size
+// threshold. Everything else is left untouched.
+func optimizableImage(img pdfcpuImage) bool {
+	switch {
+	case img.filter != "FlateDecode":
+		return false // Already compressed (JPEG/JPX); re-encoding would only add loss.
+	case img.comp == 4:
+		return false // CMYK; a JPEG round-trip is unsafe.
+	case img.masked:
+		return false // Soft mask, image mask or alpha; JPEG has no transparency.
+	case img.bytes < minOptimizeImageSize:
+		return false
+	default:
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
+// listImages runs `pdfcpu images list` and parses its table. The command writes
+// to stdout, so it is run directly to capture the output.
+func (engine *PdfCpu) listImages(ctx context.Context, inputPath string) ([]pdfcpuImage, error) {
+	cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, engine.binPath, "images", "list", inputPath) //nolint:gosec // binPath is validated at Provision; inputPath is a Gotenberg working file.
+	cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{Setpgid: true}
+
+	var stdout bytes.Buffer
+	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
+	err := cmd.Run()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("run pdfcpu images list: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return parseImagesList(stdout.String()), nil
+}
+
+// parseImagesList parses the fixed-column table of `pdfcpu images list`. Columns
+// are separated by U+2502; the header and separator rows are skipped because
+// their second column is not a numeric object number.
+func parseImagesList(output string) []pdfcpuImage {
+	var images []pdfcpuImage
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(output, "\n") {
+		cols := strings.Split(line, "│")
+		if len(cols) < 9 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		obj, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(cols[1]))
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		comp := 0
+		if fields := strings.Fields(cols[6]); len(fields) >= 2 {
+			comp, _ = strconv.Atoi(fields[1])
+		}
+
+		images = append(images, pdfcpuImage{
+			obj:    obj,
+			id:     strings.TrimSpace(cols[2]),
+			masked: strings.TrimSpace(cols[3]) != "image",
+			comp:   comp,
+			bytes:  parseHumanSize(cols[7]),
+			filter: strings.TrimSpace(cols[8]),
+		})
+	}
+
+	return images
+}
+
+// parseHumanSize converts a pdfcpu size cell such as "4.4 MB" or "194 KB" into
+// a byte count.
+func parseHumanSize(cell string) int64 {
+	fields := strings.Fields(cell)
+	if len(fields) == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	value, err := strconv.ParseFloat(fields[0], 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	multiplier := float64(1)
+	if len(fields) > 1 {
+		switch strings.ToUpper(fields[1]) {
+		case "KB":
+			multiplier = 1 << 10
+		case "MB":
+			multiplier = 1 << 20
+		case "GB":
+			multiplier = 1 << 30
+		}
+	}
+
+	return int64(value * multiplier)
+}
+
+// extractImages extracts every image of inputPath into dir and returns a map of
+// image Id (e.g. "X6") to the extracted file path.
+func (engine *PdfCpu) extractImages(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath, dir string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	args := []string{"images", "extract", inputPath, dir}
+	cmd, err := gotenberg.CommandContext(ctx, logger, engine.binPath, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create command: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = cmd.Exec()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("extract images: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read extracted images: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	extracted := make(map[string]string, len(entries))
+	for _, entry := range entries {
+		if match := pdfcpuListRowID.FindStringSubmatch(entry.Name()); match != nil {
+			extracted[match[1]] = filepath.Join(dir, entry.Name())
+		}
+	}
+
+	return extracted, nil
+}
+
+// updateImage replaces the image object objNr of inFile with the image at
+// imagePath, writing the result to outFile. The replacement must share the
+// original image dimensions, which reencodeToJpeg preserves.
+func (engine *PdfCpu) updateImage(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inFile, imagePath, outFile string, objNr int) error {
+	args := []string{"images", "update", inFile, imagePath, outFile, strconv.Itoa(objNr)}
+	cmd, err := gotenberg.CommandContext(ctx, logger, engine.binPath, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create command: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = cmd.Exec()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("update image: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// reencodeToJpeg decodes the image at src and writes it to dst as JPEG at the
+// given quality, keeping the original pixel dimensions (pdfcpu requires the
+// replacement to match). quality is clamped to the valid 1 to 100 range.
+func reencodeToJpeg(src, dst string, quality int) error {
+	if quality < 1 {
+		quality = 1
+	}
+	if quality > 100 {
+		quality = 100
+	}
+
+	in, err := os.Open(src) //nolint:gosec // src is a file this package extracted into its own temp dir.
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open image: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer in.Close()
+
+	img, _, err := image.Decode(in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("decode image: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	out, err := os.Create(dst) //nolint:gosec // dst is a file in this package's own temp dir.
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create re-encoded image: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer out.Close()
+
+	err = jpeg.Encode(out, img, &jpeg.Options{Quality: quality})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("encode JPEG: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

pkg/modules/pdfcpu/optimize_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package pdfcpu
+
+import "testing"
+
+const sampleImagesList = `pages: all
+
+/tmp/multi.pdf:
+4 images available (8.9 MB)
+Page │ Obj# │ Id  │ Type  SoftMask ImgMask │ Width │ Height │ ColorSpace Comp bpc Interp │   Size │ Filters
+━━━━━┿━━━━━━┿━━━━━┿━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┿━━━━━━━┿━━━━━━━━┿━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┿━━━━━━━━┿━━━━━━━━━━━━
+   1 │    6 │  X6 │ image                  │  2400 │   1800 │   ICCBased    3   8        │ 5.5 MB │ FlateDecode
+     │    8 │  X8 │ image    *             │  1400 │   1000 │   ICCBased    3   8        │  63 KB │ FlateDecode
+     │    9 │  X9 │ image                  │  2400 │   1800 │   ICCBased    3   8        │ 194 KB │ DCTDecode
+     │   10 │ X10 │ image                  │   120 │     90 │ DeviceCMYK    4   8        │  14 KB │ FlateDecode
+`
+
+func TestParseImagesList(t *testing.T) {
+	images := parseImagesList(sampleImagesList)
+
+	if len(images) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 4 images, got %d", len(images))
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		index  int
+		obj    int
+		id     string
+		masked bool
+		comp   int
+		filter string
+	}{
+		{0, 6, "X6", false, 3, "FlateDecode"},
+		{1, 8, "X8", true, 3, "FlateDecode"},
+		{2, 9, "X9", false, 3, "DCTDecode"},
+		{3, 10, "X10", false, 4, "FlateDecode"},
+	} {
+		img := images[tc.index]
+		if img.obj != tc.obj || img.id != tc.id || img.masked != tc.masked || img.comp != tc.comp || img.filter != tc.filter {
+			t.Errorf("image %d = %+v, want obj=%d id=%s masked=%v comp=%d filter=%s",
+				tc.index, img, tc.obj, tc.id, tc.masked, tc.comp, tc.filter)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseHumanSize(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		cell string
+		want int64
+	}{
+		{"5.5 MB", int64(5.5 * (1 << 20))},
+		{"194 KB", 194 << 10},
+		{" 14 KB ", 14 << 10},
+		{"512 B", 512},
+		{"2 GB", 2 << 30},
+		{"", 0},
+		{"garbage", 0},
+	} {
+		if got := parseHumanSize(tc.cell); got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("parseHumanSize(%q) = %d, want %d", tc.cell, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOptimizableImage(t *testing.T) {
+	base := pdfcpuImage{obj: 1, id: "X1", masked: false, comp: 3, bytes: 1 << 20, filter: "FlateDecode"}
+
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		scenario string
+		mutate   func(pdfcpuImage) pdfcpuImage
+		want     bool
+	}{
+		{"lossless RGB above threshold", func(i pdfcpuImage) pdfcpuImage { return i }, true},
+		{"already compressed", func(i pdfcpuImage) pdfcpuImage { i.filter = "DCTDecode"; return i }, false},
+		{"CMYK", func(i pdfcpuImage) pdfcpuImage { i.comp = 4; return i }, false},
+		{"masked", func(i pdfcpuImage) pdfcpuImage { i.masked = true; return i }, false},
+		{"below threshold", func(i pdfcpuImage) pdfcpuImage { i.bytes = minOptimizeImageSize - 1; return i }, false},
+		{"grayscale above threshold", func(i pdfcpuImage) pdfcpuImage { i.comp = 1; return i }, true},
+	} {
+		if got := optimizableImage(tc.mutate(base)); got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: optimizableImage = %v, want %v", tc.scenario, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+}

pkg/modules/pdfengines/multi.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ type multiPdfEngines struct {
 	splitEngines          []gotenberg.PdfEngine
 	flattenEngines        []gotenberg.PdfEngine
 	convertEngines        []gotenberg.PdfEngine
+	optimizeImagesEngines []gotenberg.PdfEngine
 	readMetadataEngines   []gotenberg.PdfEngine
 	writeMetadataEngines  []gotenberg.PdfEngine
 	passwordEngines       []gotenberg.PdfEngine
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ func newMultiPdfEngines(
 	splitEngines,
 	flattenEngines,
 	convertEngines,
+	optimizeImagesEngines,
 	readMetadataEngines,
 	writeMetadataEngines,
 	passwordEngines,
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ func newMultiPdfEngines(
 		splitEngines:          splitEngines,
 		flattenEngines:        flattenEngines,
 		convertEngines:        convertEngines,
+		optimizeImagesEngines: optimizeImagesEngines,
 		readMetadataEngines:   readMetadataEngines,
 		writeMetadataEngines:  writeMetadataEngines,
 		passwordEngines:       passwordEngines,
@@ -189,6 +192,17 @@ func (multi *multiPdfEngines) Flatten(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger,
 	)
 }
 
+// OptimizeImages re-encodes the images of a PDF using the first available
+// engine that supports image optimization.
+func (multi *multiPdfEngines) OptimizeImages(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, imageQuality int, inputPath string) error {
+	return runWithFallbackVoid(ctx, "pdfengines.OptimizeImages", multi.optimizeImagesEngines,
+		func(ctx context.Context, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) error {
+			return engine.OptimizeImages(ctx, logger, imageQuality, inputPath)
+		},
+		func(err error) error { return fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images with multi PDF engines: %w", err) },
+	)
+}
+
 // Convert transforms the given PDF to a specific PDF format using the first
 // available engine that supports PDF conversion.
 func (multi *multiPdfEngines) Convert(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, formats gotenberg.PdfFormats, inputPath, outputPath string) error {

pkg/modules/pdfengines/pdfengines.go

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ type PdfEngines struct {
 	splitNames          []string
 	flattenNames        []string
 	convertNames        []string
+	optimizeImagesNames []string
 	readMetadataNames   []string
 	writeMetadataNames  []string
 	encryptNames        []string
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ func (mod *PdfEngines) Descriptor() gotenberg.ModuleDescriptor {
 			fs.StringSlice("pdfengines-split-engines", []string{"pdfcpu", "qpdf", "pdftk"}, "Set the PDF engines and their order for the split feature - empty means all")
 			fs.StringSlice("pdfengines-flatten-engines", []string{"qpdf"}, "Set the PDF engines and their order for the flatten feature - empty means all")
 			fs.StringSlice("pdfengines-convert-engines", []string{"libreoffice-pdfengine"}, "Set the PDF engines and their order for the convert feature - empty means all")
+			fs.StringSlice("pdfengines-optimize-images-engines", []string{"pdfcpu"}, "Set the PDF engines and their order for the image optimization feature - empty means all")
 			fs.StringSlice("pdfengines-read-metadata-engines", []string{"exiftool"}, "Set the PDF engines and their order for the read metadata feature - empty means all")
 			fs.StringSlice("pdfengines-write-metadata-engines", []string{"exiftool"}, "Set the PDF engines and their order for the write metadata feature - empty means all")
 			fs.StringSlice("pdfengines-encrypt-engines", []string{"qpdf", "pdftk", "pdfcpu"}, "Set the PDF engines and their order for the password protection feature - empty means all")
@@ -91,6 +93,7 @@ func (mod *PdfEngines) Provision(ctx *gotenberg.Context) error {
 	splitNames := flags.MustStringSlice("pdfengines-split-engines")
 	flattenNames := flags.MustStringSlice("pdfengines-flatten-engines")
 	convertNames := flags.MustStringSlice("pdfengines-convert-engines")
+	optimizeImagesNames := flags.MustStringSlice("pdfengines-optimize-images-engines")
 	readMetadataNames := flags.MustStringSlice("pdfengines-read-metadata-engines")
 	writeMetadataNames := flags.MustStringSlice("pdfengines-write-metadata-engines")
 	encryptNames := flags.MustStringSlice("pdfengines-encrypt-engines")
@@ -148,6 +151,11 @@ func (mod *PdfEngines) Provision(ctx *gotenberg.Context) error {
 		mod.convertNames = convertNames
 	}
 
+	mod.optimizeImagesNames = defaultNames
+	if len(optimizeImagesNames) > 0 {
+		mod.optimizeImagesNames = optimizeImagesNames
+	}
+
 	mod.readMetadataNames = defaultNames
 	if len(readMetadataNames) > 0 {
 		mod.readMetadataNames = readMetadataNames
@@ -247,6 +255,7 @@ func (mod *PdfEngines) Validate() error {
 	findNonExistingEngines(mod.mergeNames)
 	findNonExistingEngines(mod.splitNames)
 	findNonExistingEngines(mod.flattenNames)
+	findNonExistingEngines(mod.optimizeImagesNames)
 	findNonExistingEngines(mod.convertNames)
 	findNonExistingEngines(mod.readMetadataNames)
 	findNonExistingEngines(mod.writeMetadataNames)
@@ -275,6 +284,7 @@ func (mod *PdfEngines) SystemMessages() []string {
 		fmt.Sprintf("split engines - %s", strings.Join(mod.splitNames, " ")),
 		fmt.Sprintf("flatten engines - %s", strings.Join(mod.flattenNames, " ")),
 		fmt.Sprintf("convert engines - %s", strings.Join(mod.convertNames, " ")),
+		fmt.Sprintf("optimize images engines - %s", strings.Join(mod.optimizeImagesNames, " ")),
 		fmt.Sprintf("read metadata engines - %s", strings.Join(mod.readMetadataNames, " ")),
 		fmt.Sprintf("write metadata engines - %s", strings.Join(mod.writeMetadataNames, " ")),
 		fmt.Sprintf("encrypt engines - %s", strings.Join(mod.encryptNames, " ")),
@@ -310,6 +320,7 @@ func (mod *PdfEngines) PdfEngine() (gotenberg.PdfEngine, error) {
 		engines(mod.splitNames),
 		engines(mod.flattenNames),
 		engines(mod.convertNames),
+		engines(mod.optimizeImagesNames),
 		engines(mod.readMetadataNames),
 		engines(mod.writeMetadataNames),
 		engines(mod.encryptNames),
@@ -341,6 +352,7 @@ func (mod *PdfEngines) Routes() ([]api.Route, error) {
 		mergeRoute(engine),
 		splitRoute(engine),
 		flattenRoute(engine),
+		optimizeRoute(engine),
 		convertRoute(engine),
 		readMetadataRoute(engine),
 		writeMetadataRoute(engine),

pkg/modules/pdfengines/routes.go

@@ -344,6 +344,65 @@ func FlattenStub(ctx *api.Context, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, inputPaths []stri
 	return nil
 }
 
+// defaultImageQuality is the JPEG quality applied by the image optimization
+// feature when the imageQuality form field is not set.
+const defaultImageQuality = 80
+
+// FormDataPdfOptimize extracts the image-optimization options from the form
+// data: whether to optimize the images, and the JPEG quality (1 to 100) to
+// apply to each re-encoded image.
+func FormDataPdfOptimize(form *api.FormData) (bool, int) {
+	var (
+		optimizeImages bool
+		imageQuality   int
+	)
+
+	form.
+		Bool("optimizeImages", &optimizeImages, false).
+		Custom("imageQuality", func(value string) error {
+			if value == "" {
+				imageQuality = defaultImageQuality
+				return nil
+			}
+
+			intValue, err := strconv.Atoi(value)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			if intValue < 1 {
+				return errors.New("value is inferior to 1")
+			}
+
+			if intValue > 100 {
+				return errors.New("value is superior to 100")
+			}
+
+			imageQuality = intValue
+			return nil
+		})
+
+	return optimizeImages, imageQuality
+}
+
+// OptimizeStub re-encodes the images of each given PDF to shrink the file when
+// optimizeImages is set, leaving text, vectors and structure untouched. It does
+// nothing when optimizeImages is false.
+func OptimizeStub(ctx *api.Context, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, optimizeImages bool, imageQuality int, inputPaths []string) error {
+	if !optimizeImages {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	for _, inputPath := range inputPaths {
+		err := engine.OptimizeImages(ctx, ctx.Log(), imageQuality, inputPath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("optimize images of '%s': %w", inputPath, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ConvertStub transforms a given PDF to the specified formats defined in
 // [gotenberg.PdfFormats]. If no format, it does nothing and returns the input
 // paths.
@@ -931,6 +990,7 @@ func mergeRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			angle, rotatePages := FormDataPdfRotate(form, false)
 			embedsMetadata := FormDataPdfEmbedsMetadata(form)
 			facturX, facturxXmlPath := FormDataPdfFacturX(form)
+			optimizeImages, imageQuality := FormDataPdfOptimize(form)
 
 			var inputPaths []string
 			var flatten bool
@@ -998,6 +1058,11 @@ func mergeRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 				}
 			}
 
+			err = OptimizeStub(ctx, engine, optimizeImages, imageQuality, outputPaths)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images: %w", err)
+			}
+
 			pdfFormats = FacturXPdfFormats(ctx, engine, facturX, pdfFormats, false, outputPaths)
 
 			outputPaths, err = ConvertStub(ctx, engine, pdfFormats, outputPaths)
@@ -1108,6 +1173,7 @@ func splitRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			angle, rotatePages := FormDataPdfRotate(form, false)
 			embedsMetadata := FormDataPdfEmbedsMetadata(form)
 			facturX, facturxXmlPath := FormDataPdfFacturX(form)
+			optimizeImages, imageQuality := FormDataPdfOptimize(form)
 
 			var inputPaths []string
 			var flatten bool
@@ -1170,6 +1236,11 @@ func splitRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 				}
 			}
 
+			err = OptimizeStub(ctx, engine, optimizeImages, imageQuality, outputPaths)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images: %w", err)
+			}
+
 			pdfFormats = FacturXPdfFormats(ctx, engine, facturX, pdfFormats, false, outputPaths)
 
 			convertOutputPaths, err := ConvertStub(ctx, engine, pdfFormats, outputPaths)
@@ -1262,6 +1333,42 @@ func flattenRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 
 // convertRoute returns an [api.Route] which can convert PDFs to a specific ODF
 // format.
+func optimizeRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
+	return api.Route{
+		Method:      http.MethodPost,
+		Path:        "/forms/pdfengines/optimize",
+		IsMultipart: true,
+		Handler: func(c echo.Context) error {
+			ctx := c.Get("context").(*api.Context)
+
+			form := ctx.FormData()
+			// This route optimizes unconditionally, so the optimizeImages toggle
+			// is ignored; only the image quality is read.
+			_, imageQuality := FormDataPdfOptimize(form)
+
+			var inputPaths []string
+			err := form.
+				MandatoryPaths([]string{".pdf"}, &inputPaths).
+				Validate()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("validate form data: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			err = OptimizeStub(ctx, engine, true, imageQuality, inputPaths)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			err = ctx.AddOutputPaths(inputPaths...)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("add output paths: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
 func convertRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 	return api.Route{
 		Method:      http.MethodPost,

pkg/modules/pdftk/pdftk.go

@@ -219,6 +219,20 @@ func (engine *PdfTk) Convert(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, formats g
 	return err
 }
 
+// OptimizeImages is not available in this implementation.
+func (engine *PdfTk) OptimizeImages(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, imageQuality int, inputPath string) error {
+	_, span := gotenberg.Tracer().Start(ctx, "pdftk.OptimizeImages",
+		trace.WithSpanKind(trace.SpanKindClient),
+		trace.WithAttributes(engine.spanAttrs()...),
+	)
+	defer span.End()
+
+	err := fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images with PDFtk: %w", gotenberg.ErrPdfEngineMethodNotSupported)
+	span.RecordError(err)
+	span.SetStatus(codes.Error, err.Error())
+	return err
+}
+
 // ReadMetadata is not available in this implementation.
 func (engine *PdfTk) ReadMetadata(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string) (map[string]any, error) {
 	_, span := gotenberg.Tracer().Start(ctx, "pdftk.ReadMetadata",

pkg/modules/qpdf/qpdf.go

@@ -255,6 +255,20 @@ func (engine *QPdf) Convert(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, formats go
 	return err
 }
 
+// OptimizeImages is not available in this implementation.
+func (engine *QPdf) OptimizeImages(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, imageQuality int, inputPath string) error {
+	_, span := gotenberg.Tracer().Start(ctx, "qpdf.OptimizeImages",
+		trace.WithSpanKind(trace.SpanKindClient),
+		trace.WithAttributes(engine.spanAttrs()...),
+	)
+	defer span.End()
+
+	err := fmt.Errorf("optimize PDF images with QPDF: %w", gotenberg.ErrPdfEngineMethodNotSupported)
+	span.RecordError(err)
+	span.SetStatus(codes.Error, err.Error())
+	return err
+}
+
 // ReadMetadata is not available in this implementation.
 func (engine *QPdf) ReadMetadata(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string) (map[string]any, error) {
 	_, span := gotenberg.Tracer().Start(ctx, "qpdf.ReadMetadata",

test/integration/README.md

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Available tags:
 | ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
 | Chromium    | `chromium`, `chromium-concurrent`, `chromium-convert-html`, `chromium-convert-markdown`, `chromium-convert-url`, `chromium-screenshot-html`, `chromium-screenshot-markdown`, `chromium-screenshot-url`, `chromium-ssrf`                                                                                                                                              |
 | LibreOffice | `libreoffice`, `libreoffice-convert`, `libreoffice-ssrf`                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
-| PDF Engines | `pdfengines`, `pdfengines-convert`, `pdfengines-merge`, `merge`, `pdfengines-split`, `split`, `pdfengines-flatten`, `flatten`, `pdfengines-rotate`, `rotate`, `pdfengines-embed`, `embed`, `pdfengines-encrypt`, `encrypt`, `pdfengines-watermark`, `watermark`, `pdfengines-stamp`, `stamp`, `pdfengines-metadata`, `metadata`, `pdfengines-bookmarks`, `bookmarks` |
+| PDF Engines | `pdfengines`, `pdfengines-convert`, `pdfengines-merge`, `merge`, `pdfengines-split`, `split`, `pdfengines-flatten`, `flatten`, `pdfengines-optimize`, `optimize`, `pdfengines-rotate`, `rotate`, `pdfengines-embed`, `embed`, `pdfengines-encrypt`, `encrypt`, `pdfengines-watermark`, `watermark`, `pdfengines-stamp`, `stamp`, `pdfengines-metadata`, `metadata`, `pdfengines-bookmarks`, `bookmarks` |
 | Infra       | `health`, `debug`, `root`, `version`, `output-filename`, `prometheus-metrics`, `webhook`, `download-from`                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
 
 ## Writing a new test

test/integration/features/chromium_convert_html.feature

@@ -1187,6 +1187,26 @@ Feature: /forms/chromium/convert/html
     Then there should be 1 PDF(s) in the response
     Then the response PDF(s) should be flatten
 
+  # Post-processing image optimization re-encodes the embedded lossless image to
+  # JPEG. The same page is ~700 KB without it and well under 300 KB with it.
+  # See https://github.com/gotenberg/gotenberg/issues/359.
+  Scenario: POST /forms/chromium/convert/html (Optimize Images)
+    Given I have a default Gotenberg container
+    When I make a "POST" request to Gotenberg at the "/forms/chromium/convert/html" endpoint with the following form data and header(s):
+      | files                     | testdata/optimize-image-html/index.html | file   |
+      | files                     | testdata/optimize-image-html/image.png  | file   |
+      | Gotenberg-Output-Filename | foo                                     | header |
+    Then the response status code should be 200
+    Then the "foo.pdf" file size should be greater than 300 KB
+    When I make a "POST" request to Gotenberg at the "/forms/chromium/convert/html" endpoint with the following form data and header(s):
+      | files                     | testdata/optimize-image-html/index.html | file   |
+      | files                     | testdata/optimize-image-html/image.png  | file   |
+      | optimizeImages            | true                                    | field  |
+      | Gotenberg-Output-Filename | foo                                     | header |
+    Then the response status code should be 200
+    Then the response header "Content-Type" should be "application/pdf"
+    Then the "foo.pdf" file size should be less than 300 KB
+
   @encrypt
   Scenario: POST /forms/chromium/convert/html (Encrypt - user password only)
     Given I have a default Gotenberg container

test/integration/features/pdfengines_optimize.feature

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+@pdfengines
+@pdfengines-optimize
+@optimize
+Feature: /forms/pdfengines/optimize
+
+  # image-heavy.pdf is a ~710 KB PDF whose single image Chromium embedded
+  # losslessly (FlateDecode). Re-encoding it to JPEG shrinks the file well
+  # below this threshold while leaving the structure intact.
+  # See https://github.com/gotenberg/gotenberg/issues/359.
+  Scenario: POST /forms/pdfengines/optimize (Image-heavy PDF)
+    Given I have a default Gotenberg container
+    When I make a "POST" request to Gotenberg at the "/forms/pdfengines/optimize" endpoint with the following form data and header(s):
+      | files                     | testdata/image-heavy.pdf | file   |
+      | Gotenberg-Output-Filename | foo                      | header |
+    Then the response status code should be 200
+    Then the response header "Content-Type" should be "application/pdf"
+    Then there should be 1 PDF(s) in the response
+    Then the "foo.pdf" file size should be less than 300 KB
+
+  Scenario: POST /forms/pdfengines/optimize (Custom Image Quality)
+    Given I have a default Gotenberg container
+    When I make a "POST" request to Gotenberg at the "/forms/pdfengines/optimize" endpoint with the following form data and header(s):
+      | files                     | testdata/image-heavy.pdf | file   |
+      | imageQuality              | 40                       | field  |
+      | Gotenberg-Output-Filename | foo                      | header |
+    Then the response status code should be 200
+    Then the "foo.pdf" file size should be less than 300 KB
+
+  Scenario: POST /forms/pdfengines/optimize (PDF Without Images)
+    Given I have a default Gotenberg container
+    When I make a "POST" request to Gotenberg at the "/forms/pdfengines/optimize" endpoint with the following form data and header(s):
+      | files | testdata/page_1.pdf | file |
+    Then the response status code should be 200
+    Then the response header "Content-Type" should be "application/pdf"
+    Then there should be 1 PDF(s) in the response
+
+  Scenario: POST /forms/pdfengines/optimize (Invalid Image Quality)
+    Given I have a default Gotenberg container
+    When I make a "POST" request to Gotenberg at the "/forms/pdfengines/optimize" endpoint with the following form data and header(s):
+      | files        | testdata/image-heavy.pdf | file  |
+      | imageQuality | 200                      | field |
+    Then the response status code should be 400
+    Then the response header "Content-Type" should be "text/plain; charset=UTF-8"
+
+  Scenario: POST /forms/pdfengines/optimize (Bad Request)
+    Given I have a default Gotenberg container
+    When I make a "POST" request to Gotenberg at the "/forms/pdfengines/optimize" endpoint with the following form data and header(s):
+      | Gotenberg-Output-Filename | foo | header |
+    Then the response status code should be 400
+    Then the response header "Content-Type" should be "text/plain; charset=UTF-8"
+    Then the response body should match string:
+      """
+      Invalid form data: no form file found for extensions: [.pdf]
+      """
+
+  Scenario: POST /forms/pdfengines/optimize (Routes Disabled)
+    Given I have a Gotenberg container with the following environment variable(s):
+      | PDFENGINES_DISABLE_ROUTES | true |
+    When I make a "POST" request to Gotenberg at the "/forms/pdfengines/optimize" endpoint with the following form data and header(s):
+      | files | testdata/image-heavy.pdf | file |
+    Then the response status code should be 404

test/integration/scenario/scenario.go

@@ -1057,6 +1057,29 @@ func (s *scenario) theImagePixelShouldBe(_ context.Context, name string, x, y in
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (s *scenario) theFileSizeShouldBe(_ context.Context, name, comparator string, sizeKB int) error {
+	path := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s", s.workdir, s.resp.Header().Get("Gotenberg-Trace"), name)
+
+	info, err := os.Stat(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("stat %q: %w", path, err)
+	}
+
+	limit := int64(sizeKB) * 1024
+	switch comparator {
+	case "less":
+		if info.Size() >= limit {
+			return fmt.Errorf("expected %s (%d bytes) to be smaller than %d KB", name, info.Size(), sizeKB)
+		}
+	case "greater":
+		if info.Size() <= limit {
+			return fmt.Errorf("expected %s (%d bytes) to be larger than %d KB", name, info.Size(), sizeKB)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *scenario) thePdfShouldBeSetToLandscapeOrientation(ctx context.Context, name string, kind string) error {
 	var path string
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(name, "*_") {
@@ -1650,6 +1673,7 @@ func InitializeScenario(ctx *godog.ScenarioContext) {
 	ctx.Then(`^the "([^"]*)" PDF should have (\d+) image\(s\)$`, s.thePdfShouldHaveImages)
 	ctx.Then(`^the "([^"]*)" image should be (\d+)x(\d+) pixels$`, s.theImageShouldBePixels)
 	ctx.Then(`^the "([^"]*)" image pixel at (\d+),(\d+) should be "([^"]*)"$`, s.theImagePixelShouldBe)
+	ctx.Then(`^the "([^"]*)" file size should be (less|greater) than (\d+) KB$`, s.theFileSizeShouldBe)
 	ctx.After(func(ctx context.Context, sc *godog.Scenario, err error) (context.Context, error) {
 		if s.gotenbergContainer != nil {
 			errTerminate := s.gotenbergContainer.Terminate(ctx, testcontainers.StopTimeout(0))

test/integration/testdata/optimize-image-html/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Image-heavy page</title>
+    <style>
+      @page { margin: 0; }
+      body { margin: 0; }
+      img { width: 100%; display: block; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <img src="image.png" />
+  </body>
+</html>