feat(pdfengines): support owner-only encryption and document permissions

2026-08-08 00:22:14 +01:00 · 2026-06-06 14:03:58 +02:00
parent 287ee5be72
commit 3b1e4cbac4
22 changed files with 411 additions and 67 deletions
--- a/pkg/modules/chromium/routes.go
+++ b/pkg/modules/chromium/routes.go
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ func convertUrlRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			mode := pdfengines.FormDataPdfSplitMode(form, false)
 			pdfFormats := pdfengines.FormDataPdfFormats(form)
 			metadata := pdfengines.FormDataPdfMetadata(form, false)
-			userPassword, ownerPassword := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
+			encrypt := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
 			embedPaths := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEmbeds(form)
 			watermark := pdfengines.FormDataPdfWatermark(form, false)
 			watermarkFile := pdfengines.FormDataPdfWatermarkFile(form)
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ func convertUrlRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 				return fmt.Errorf("validate stamp: %w", err)
 			}

-			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, userPassword, ownerPassword, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages)
+			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, encrypt, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("convert URL to PDF: %w", err)
 			}
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ func convertHtmlRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			mode := pdfengines.FormDataPdfSplitMode(form, false)
 			pdfFormats := pdfengines.FormDataPdfFormats(form)
 			metadata := pdfengines.FormDataPdfMetadata(form, false)
-			userPassword, ownerPassword := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
+			encrypt := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
 			embedPaths := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEmbeds(form)
 			watermark := pdfengines.FormDataPdfWatermark(form, false)
 			watermarkFile := pdfengines.FormDataPdfWatermarkFile(form)
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ func convertHtmlRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {

 			url := fmt.Sprintf("file://%s", inputPath)
 			options.AllowedFilePrefixes = []string{ctx.DirPath()}
-			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, userPassword, ownerPassword, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages)
+			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, encrypt, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("convert HTML to PDF: %w", err)
 			}
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ func convertMarkdownRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			mode := pdfengines.FormDataPdfSplitMode(form, false)
 			pdfFormats := pdfengines.FormDataPdfFormats(form)
 			metadata := pdfengines.FormDataPdfMetadata(form, false)
-			userPassword, ownerPassword := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
+			encrypt := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
 			embedPaths := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEmbeds(form)
 			watermark := pdfengines.FormDataPdfWatermark(form, false)
 			watermarkFile := pdfengines.FormDataPdfWatermarkFile(form)
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ func convertMarkdownRoute(chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			}

 			options.AllowedFilePrefixes = []string{ctx.DirPath()}
-			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, userPassword, ownerPassword, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages)
+			err = convertUrl(ctx, chromium, engine, url, options, mode, pdfFormats, metadata, encrypt, embedPaths, embedsMetadata, facturX, facturxXmlPath, watermark, stamp, rotateAngle, rotatePages)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("convert markdown to PDF: %w", err)
 			}
@@ -781,7 +781,7 @@ func markdownToHtml(ctx *api.Context, inputPath string, markdownPaths []string)
 	return fmt.Sprintf("file://%s", inputPath), nil
 }

-func convertUrl(ctx *api.Context, chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, url string, options PdfOptions, mode gotenberg.SplitMode, pdfFormats gotenberg.PdfFormats, metadata map[string]any, userPassword, ownerPassword string, embedPaths []string, embedsMetadata map[string]map[string]string, facturX gotenberg.FacturX, facturxXmlPath string, watermark, stamp gotenberg.Stamp, rotateAngle int, rotatePages string) error {
+func convertUrl(ctx *api.Context, chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, url string, options PdfOptions, mode gotenberg.SplitMode, pdfFormats gotenberg.PdfFormats, metadata map[string]any, encrypt gotenberg.EncryptOptions, embedPaths []string, embedsMetadata map[string]map[string]string, facturX gotenberg.FacturX, facturxXmlPath string, watermark, stamp gotenberg.Stamp, rotateAngle int, rotatePages string) error {
 	outputPath := ctx.GeneratePath(".pdf")
 	// See https://github.com/gotenberg/gotenberg/issues/1130.
 	filename := ctx.OutputFilename(outputPath)
@@ -843,7 +843,12 @@ func convertUrl(ctx *api.Context, chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, url
 		return fmt.Errorf("convert to PDF: %w", err)
 	}

-	err = pdfengines.ValidatePdfFormatsCompat(pdfFormats, userPassword, embedPaths)
+	err = pdfengines.ValidatePdfFormatsCompat(pdfFormats, encrypt.UserPassword, embedPaths)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = pdfengines.ValidatePdfEncryptCompat(encrypt)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -902,7 +907,7 @@ func convertUrl(ctx *api.Context, chromium Api, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, url
 		return fmt.Errorf("apply Factur-X: %w", err)
 	}

-	err = pdfengines.EncryptPdfStub(ctx, engine, userPassword, ownerPassword, convertOutputPaths)
+	err = pdfengines.EncryptPdfStub(ctx, engine, encrypt, convertOutputPaths)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("encrypt PDFs: %w", err)
 	}
--- a/pkg/modules/exiftool/exiftool.go
+++ b/pkg/modules/exiftool/exiftool.go
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ func (engine *ExifTool) ReadBookmarks(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger,
 }

 // Encrypt is not available in this implementation.
-func (engine *ExifTool) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath, userPassword, ownerPassword string) error {
+func (engine *ExifTool) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string, opts gotenberg.EncryptOptions) error {
 	_, span := gotenberg.Tracer().Start(ctx, "exiftool.Encrypt",
 		trace.WithSpanKind(trace.SpanKindClient),
 		trace.WithAttributes(semconv.ServerAddress(engine.binPath)),
--- a/pkg/modules/libreoffice/pdfengine/pdfengine.go
+++ b/pkg/modules/libreoffice/pdfengine/pdfengine.go
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func (engine *LibreOfficePdfEngine) ReadBookmarks(ctx context.Context, logger *s
 }

 // Encrypt is not available in this implementation.
-func (engine *LibreOfficePdfEngine) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath, userPassword, ownerPassword string) error {
+func (engine *LibreOfficePdfEngine) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string, opts gotenberg.EncryptOptions) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("encrypt PDF using LibreOffice: %w", gotenberg.ErrPdfEngineMethodNotSupported)
 }

--- a/pkg/modules/libreoffice/routes.go
+++ b/pkg/modules/libreoffice/routes.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func convertRoute(libreOffice libreofficeapi.Uno, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) ap
 			splitMode := pdfengines.FormDataPdfSplitMode(form, false)
 			pdfFormats := pdfengines.FormDataPdfFormats(form)
 			metadata := pdfengines.FormDataPdfMetadata(form, false)
-			userPassword, ownerPassword := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
+			encrypt := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
 			embedPaths := pdfengines.FormDataPdfEmbeds(form)
 			watermark := pdfengines.FormDataPdfWatermark(form, false)
 			watermarkFile := pdfengines.FormDataPdfWatermarkFile(form)
@@ -314,7 +314,12 @@ func convertRoute(libreOffice libreofficeapi.Uno, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) ap
 				return fmt.Errorf("validate stamp: %w", err)
 			}

-			err = pdfengines.ValidatePdfFormatsCompat(pdfFormats, userPassword, embedPaths)
+			err = pdfengines.ValidatePdfFormatsCompat(pdfFormats, encrypt.UserPassword, embedPaths)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			err = pdfengines.ValidatePdfEncryptCompat(encrypt)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -518,7 +523,7 @@ func convertRoute(libreOffice libreofficeapi.Uno, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) ap
 				return fmt.Errorf("apply Factur-X: %w", err)
 			}

-			err = pdfengines.EncryptPdfStub(ctx, engine, userPassword, ownerPassword, outputPaths)
+			err = pdfengines.EncryptPdfStub(ctx, engine, encrypt, outputPaths)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("encrypt PDFs: %w", err)
 			}
--- a/pkg/modules/pdfcpu/pdfcpu.go
+++ b/pkg/modules/pdfcpu/pdfcpu.go
@@ -503,30 +503,38 @@ func (engine *PdfCpu) EmbedFiles(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, fileP
 }

 // Encrypt adds password protection to a PDF file using pdfcpu.
-func (engine *PdfCpu) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath, userPassword, ownerPassword string) error {
+func (engine *PdfCpu) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string, opts gotenberg.EncryptOptions) error {
 	ctx, span := gotenberg.Tracer().Start(ctx, "pdfcpu.Encrypt",
 		trace.WithSpanKind(trace.SpanKindClient),
 		trace.WithAttributes(semconv.ServerAddress(engine.binPath)),
 	)
 	defer span.End()

-	if userPassword == "" {
-		err := errors.New("user password cannot be empty")
+	ownerPassword := opts.OwnerPassword
+	if ownerPassword == "" {
+		ownerPassword = opts.UserPassword
+	}
+
+	// An empty user password is allowed: it produces an owner-only document.
+	if opts.UserPassword == "" && ownerPassword == "" {
+		err := errors.New("at least a user or owner password is required")
 		span.RecordError(err)
 		span.SetStatus(codes.Error, err.Error())
 		return err
 	}

-	if ownerPassword == "" {
-		ownerPassword = userPassword
+	// pdfcpu only supports coarse permissions: all actions or none.
+	perm := "all"
+	if opts.Permissions.Restricted() {
+		perm = "none"
 	}

 	args := make([]string, 0, 11)
 	args = append(args, "encrypt")
 	args = append(args, "--mode", "aes")
-	args = append(args, "--upw", userPassword)
+	args = append(args, "--upw", opts.UserPassword)
 	args = append(args, "--opw", ownerPassword)
-	args = append(args, "--perm", "all")
+	args = append(args, "--perm", perm)
 	args = append(args, inputPath, inputPath)

 	cmd, err := gotenberg.CommandContext(ctx, logger, engine.binPath, args...)
--- a/pkg/modules/pdfengines/multi.go
+++ b/pkg/modules/pdfengines/multi.go
@@ -259,10 +259,10 @@ func (multi *multiPdfEngines) WriteBookmarks(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.L

 // Encrypt adds password protection to a PDF file using the first available
 // engine that supports password protection.
-func (multi *multiPdfEngines) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath, userPassword, ownerPassword string) error {
+func (multi *multiPdfEngines) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string, opts gotenberg.EncryptOptions) error {
 	return runWithFallbackVoid(ctx, "pdfengines.Encrypt", multi.passwordEngines,
 		func(ctx context.Context, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) error {
-			return engine.Encrypt(ctx, logger, inputPath, userPassword, ownerPassword)
+			return engine.Encrypt(ctx, logger, inputPath, opts)
 		},
 		func(err error) error { return fmt.Errorf("encrypt PDF using multi PDF engines: %w", err) },
 	)
--- a/pkg/modules/pdfengines/routes.go
+++ b/pkg/modules/pdfengines/routes.go
@@ -667,21 +667,44 @@ func InjectFacturXXMPStub(ctx *api.Context, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, facturX
 	return nil
 }

-// FormDataPdfEncrypt extracts encryption parameters from form data.
-func FormDataPdfEncrypt(form *api.FormData) (userPassword, ownerPassword string) {
-	form.String("userPassword", &userPassword, "")
-	form.String("ownerPassword", &ownerPassword, "")
-	return userPassword, ownerPassword
+// FormDataPdfEncrypt extracts the encryption parameters and permissions from
+// form data. Permissions default to allowed.
+func FormDataPdfEncrypt(form *api.FormData) gotenberg.EncryptOptions {
+	var opts gotenberg.EncryptOptions
+	form.
+		String("userPassword", &opts.UserPassword, "").
+		String("ownerPassword", &opts.OwnerPassword, "").
+		Bool("allowPrinting", &opts.Permissions.AllowPrinting, true).
+		Bool("allowCopying", &opts.Permissions.AllowCopying, true).
+		Bool("allowModifying", &opts.Permissions.AllowModifying, true).
+		Bool("allowAnnotating", &opts.Permissions.AllowAnnotating, true).
+		Bool("allowFillingForms", &opts.Permissions.AllowFillingForms, true).
+		Bool("allowAssembling", &opts.Permissions.AllowAssembling, true)
+	return opts
 }

-// EncryptPdfStub adds password protection to PDF files.
-func EncryptPdfStub(ctx *api.Context, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, userPassword, ownerPassword string, inputPaths []string) error {
-	if userPassword == "" {
+// ValidatePdfEncryptCompat returns a 400 error when permission restrictions are
+// requested without a password to anchor them.
+func ValidatePdfEncryptCompat(opts gotenberg.EncryptOptions) error {
+	if opts.Permissions.Restricted() && opts.UserPassword == "" && opts.OwnerPassword == "" {
+		return api.WrapError(
+			errors.New("permission restrictions require a password"),
+			api.NewSentinelHttpError(http.StatusBadRequest, "Invalid form data: permission restrictions require a 'userPassword' or 'ownerPassword'"),
+		)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// EncryptPdfStub adds password protection and permission restrictions to PDF
+// files. It does nothing when no password is provided.
+func EncryptPdfStub(ctx *api.Context, engine gotenberg.PdfEngine, opts gotenberg.EncryptOptions, inputPaths []string) error {
+	if opts.UserPassword == "" && opts.OwnerPassword == "" {
 		return nil
 	}

 	for _, inputPath := range inputPaths {
-		err := engine.Encrypt(ctx, ctx.Log(), inputPath, userPassword, ownerPassword)
+		err := engine.Encrypt(ctx, ctx.Log(), inputPath, opts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("encrypt PDF '%s': %w", inputPath, err)
 		}
@@ -899,7 +922,7 @@ func mergeRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			pdfFormats := FormDataPdfFormats(form)
 			metadata := FormDataPdfMetadata(form, false)
 			bookmarks := FormDataPdfBookmarks(form, false)
-			userPassword, ownerPassword := FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
+			encrypt := FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
 			embedPaths := FormDataPdfEmbeds(form)
 			watermark := FormDataPdfWatermark(form, false)
 			watermarkFile := FormDataPdfWatermarkFile(form)
@@ -930,7 +953,12 @@ func mergeRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 				return fmt.Errorf("validate stamp: %w", err)
 			}

-			err = ValidatePdfFormatsCompat(pdfFormats, userPassword, embedPaths)
+			err = ValidatePdfFormatsCompat(pdfFormats, encrypt.UserPassword, embedPaths)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			err = ValidatePdfEncryptCompat(encrypt)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -1043,7 +1071,7 @@ func mergeRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 				return fmt.Errorf("apply Factur-X: %w", err)
 			}

-			err = EncryptPdfStub(ctx, engine, userPassword, ownerPassword, outputPaths)
+			err = EncryptPdfStub(ctx, engine, encrypt, outputPaths)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("encrypt PDFs: %w", err)
 			}
@@ -1071,7 +1099,7 @@ func splitRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			mode := FormDataPdfSplitMode(form, true)
 			pdfFormats := FormDataPdfFormats(form)
 			metadata := FormDataPdfMetadata(form, false)
-			userPassword, ownerPassword := FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
+			encrypt := FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)
 			embedPaths := FormDataPdfEmbeds(form)
 			watermark := FormDataPdfWatermark(form, false)
 			watermarkFile := FormDataPdfWatermarkFile(form)
@@ -1100,7 +1128,12 @@ func splitRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 				return fmt.Errorf("validate stamp: %w", err)
 			}

-			err = ValidatePdfFormatsCompat(pdfFormats, userPassword, embedPaths)
+			err = ValidatePdfFormatsCompat(pdfFormats, encrypt.UserPassword, embedPaths)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			err = ValidatePdfEncryptCompat(encrypt)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -1166,7 +1199,7 @@ func splitRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 				return fmt.Errorf("apply Factur-X: %w", err)
 			}

-			err = EncryptPdfStub(ctx, engine, userPassword, ownerPassword, convertOutputPaths)
+			err = EncryptPdfStub(ctx, engine, encrypt, convertOutputPaths)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("encrypt PDFs: %w", err)
 			}
@@ -1450,20 +1483,26 @@ func encryptRoute(engine gotenberg.PdfEngine) api.Route {
 			ctx := c.Get("context").(*api.Context)

 			form := ctx.FormData()
+			encrypt := FormDataPdfEncrypt(form)

 			var inputPaths []string
-			var userPassword string
-			var ownerPassword string
 			err := form.
 				MandatoryPaths([]string{".pdf"}, &inputPaths).
-				MandatoryString("userPassword", &userPassword).
-				String("ownerPassword", &ownerPassword, "").
 				Validate()
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("validate form data: %w", err)
 			}

-			err = EncryptPdfStub(ctx, engine, userPassword, ownerPassword, inputPaths)
+			// At least one password is required; an empty user password with an
+			// owner password yields an owner-only document.
+			if encrypt.UserPassword == "" && encrypt.OwnerPassword == "" {
+				return api.WrapError(
+					errors.New("no password provided"),
+					api.NewSentinelHttpError(http.StatusBadRequest, "Invalid form data: a 'userPassword' or 'ownerPassword' is required"),
+				)
+			}
+
+			err = EncryptPdfStub(ctx, engine, encrypt, inputPaths)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("encrypt PDFs: %w", err)
 			}
--- a/pkg/modules/pdftk/pdftk.go
+++ b/pkg/modules/pdftk/pdftk.go
@@ -259,21 +259,21 @@ func (engine *PdfTk) ReadBookmarks(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inp
 }

 // Encrypt adds password protection to a PDF file using PDFtk.
-func (engine *PdfTk) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath, userPassword, ownerPassword string) error {
+func (engine *PdfTk) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string, opts gotenberg.EncryptOptions) error {
 	ctx, span := gotenberg.Tracer().Start(ctx, "pdftk.Encrypt",
 		trace.WithSpanKind(trace.SpanKindClient),
 		trace.WithAttributes(semconv.ServerAddress(engine.binPath)),
 	)
 	defer span.End()

-	if userPassword == "" {
-		err := errors.New("user password cannot be empty")
+	if opts.UserPassword == "" || opts.Permissions.Restricted() {
+		err := gotenberg.NewPdfEngineInvalidArgs("pdftk", "owner-only encryption and permission restrictions are not supported; consider switching to another PDF engine (e.g. qpdf)")
 		span.RecordError(err)
 		span.SetStatus(codes.Error, err.Error())
 		return err
 	}

-	if ownerPassword == userPassword || ownerPassword == "" {
+	if opts.OwnerPassword == opts.UserPassword || opts.OwnerPassword == "" {
 		err := gotenberg.NewPdfEngineInvalidArgs("pdftk", "both 'userPassword' and 'ownerPassword' must be provided and different. Consider switching to another PDF engine if this behavior does not work with your workflow")
 		span.RecordError(err)
 		span.SetStatus(codes.Error, err.Error())
@@ -287,8 +287,8 @@ func (engine *PdfTk) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath
 	args = append(args, inputPath)
 	args = append(args, "output", tmpPath)
 	args = append(args, "encrypt_128bit")
-	args = append(args, "user_pw", userPassword)
-	args = append(args, "owner_pw", ownerPassword)
+	args = append(args, "user_pw", opts.UserPassword)
+	args = append(args, "owner_pw", opts.OwnerPassword)

 	cmd, err := gotenberg.CommandContext(ctx, logger, engine.binPath, args...)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/pkg/modules/qpdf/encrypt_test.go
+++ b/pkg/modules/qpdf/encrypt_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package qpdf
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gotenberg/gotenberg/v8/pkg/gotenberg"
+)
+
+func TestQpdfPermissionArgs(t *testing.T) {
+	allAllowed := gotenberg.PdfPermissions{
+		AllowPrinting:     true,
+		AllowCopying:      true,
+		AllowModifying:    true,
+		AllowAnnotating:   true,
+		AllowFillingForms: true,
+		AllowAssembling:   true,
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		scenario string
+		perms    gotenberg.PdfPermissions
+		expect   []string
+	}{
+		{
+			scenario: "all allowed yields no flags",
+			perms:    allAllowed,
+			expect:   nil,
+		},
+		{
+			scenario: "printing denied",
+			perms: gotenberg.PdfPermissions{
+				AllowPrinting:     false,
+				AllowCopying:      true,
+				AllowModifying:    true,
+				AllowAnnotating:   true,
+				AllowFillingForms: true,
+				AllowAssembling:   true,
+			},
+			expect: []string{
+				"--print=none",
+				"--extract=y",
+				"--modify-other=y",
+				"--annotate=y",
+				"--form=y",
+				"--assemble=y",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			scenario: "copying denied",
+			perms: gotenberg.PdfPermissions{
+				AllowPrinting:     true,
+				AllowCopying:      false,
+				AllowModifying:    true,
+				AllowAnnotating:   true,
+				AllowFillingForms: true,
+				AllowAssembling:   true,
+			},
+			expect: []string{
+				"--print=full",
+				"--extract=n",
+				"--modify-other=y",
+				"--annotate=y",
+				"--form=y",
+				"--assemble=y",
+			},
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.scenario, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := qpdfPermissionArgs(tc.perms)
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tc.expect) {
+				t.Errorf("expected %v but got %v", tc.expect, got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/pkg/modules/qpdf/qpdf.go
+++ b/pkg/modules/qpdf/qpdf.go
@@ -295,29 +295,63 @@ func (engine *QPdf) ReadBookmarks(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inpu
 }

 // Encrypt adds password protection to a PDF file using QPDF.
-func (engine *QPdf) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath, userPassword, ownerPassword string) error {
+// qpdfPermissionArgs maps PDF permissions to QPDF --encrypt restriction flags.
+// It returns nil when every permission is allowed, matching QPDF's default
+// (all actions permitted).
+func qpdfPermissionArgs(p gotenberg.PdfPermissions) []string {
+	if !p.Restricted() {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	yn := func(allowed bool) string {
+		if allowed {
+			return "y"
+		}
+		return "n"
+	}
+
+	print := "full"
+	if !p.AllowPrinting {
+		print = "none"
+	}
+
+	return []string{
+		"--print=" + print,
+		"--extract=" + yn(p.AllowCopying),
+		"--modify-other=" + yn(p.AllowModifying),
+		"--annotate=" + yn(p.AllowAnnotating),
+		"--form=" + yn(p.AllowFillingForms),
+		"--assemble=" + yn(p.AllowAssembling),
+	}
+}
+
+func (engine *QPdf) Encrypt(ctx context.Context, logger *slog.Logger, inputPath string, opts gotenberg.EncryptOptions) error {
 	ctx, span := gotenberg.Tracer().Start(ctx, "qpdf.Encrypt",
 		trace.WithSpanKind(trace.SpanKindClient),
 		trace.WithAttributes(semconv.ServerAddress(engine.binPath)),
 	)
 	defer span.End()

-	if userPassword == "" {
-		err := errors.New("user password cannot be empty")
+	ownerPassword := opts.OwnerPassword
+	if ownerPassword == "" {
+		ownerPassword = opts.UserPassword
+	}
+
+	// An empty user password is allowed: it produces an owner-only document.
+	if opts.UserPassword == "" && ownerPassword == "" {
+		err := errors.New("at least a user or owner password is required")
 		span.RecordError(err)
 		span.SetStatus(codes.Error, err.Error())
 		return err
 	}

-	if ownerPassword == "" {
-		ownerPassword = userPassword
-	}
-
-	args := make([]string, 0, 7+len(engine.globalArgs))
+	args := make([]string, 0, 14+len(engine.globalArgs))
 	args = append(args, inputPath)
 	args = append(args, engine.globalArgs...)
 	args = append(args, "--replace-input")
-	args = append(args, "--encrypt", userPassword, ownerPassword, "256", "--")
+	args = append(args, "--encrypt", opts.UserPassword, ownerPassword, "256")
+	args = append(args, qpdfPermissionArgs(opts.Permissions)...)
+	args = append(args, "--")

 	cmd, err := gotenberg.CommandContext(ctx, logger, engine.binPath, args...)
 	if err != nil {